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CONSTITUTION
OF THE
UNITED STATES


The CONSTITUTION framed for the United States of America, by a Convention
of Deputies from the States of New-Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut,
New-York, New-Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia,
North-Carolina, South-Carolina, and Georgia, at a session begun May 25, and
ended September 17, 1787.



WE, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union,
establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common
defence, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty
to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this constitution
for the United States of America.



____


ARTICLE I.


Section I.


All legislative powers herein granted, shall be vested in a Congress of the
United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of
Representatives.



____


Section II.


I. The House of Representatives shall consist of members chosen every
second year, by the people of the several states: and the electors in each
state, shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most
numerous branch of the state legislature.



II. No person shall be a representative, who shall not have attained to the
age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United
States; and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state in
which he shall be chosen.



III. Representatives and direct taxes, shall be apportioned among the
several states, which may be included with this union, according to their
respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number
of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and
excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other persons. The actual
enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the
Congress of the United States; and within every subsequent term of years,
in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number of representatives
shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand: but each state shall have
at least one representative: and, until such enumeration shall be made, the
state of New-Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three; Massachusetts
eight; Rhode-Island and Providence plantations one; Connecticut five;
New-York six; New-Jersey four; Pennsylvania eight; Delaware one; Maryland
six; and Georgia three.



IV. When vacancies happen in the representation from any state, the
executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such
vacancies.



V. The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other
officers; and shall have the sole power of impeachment.



____


Section III.


I. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two senators from
each state, chosen by the legislature thereof, for six years: and each
senator shall have one vote.



II. Immediately after they shall be assembled, in consequence of the first
election, they shall be divided, as equally as may be, into three classes.
The seats of the senators of the first class shall be vacated at the
expiration of the second year; of the second class, at the expiration of
the fourth year; and of the third class, at the expiration of the sixth
year; so that one third may be chosen every second year. And if vacancies
happen, by resignation or otherwise, during the recess of the legislature
of any state, the executive thereof may make temporary appointments until
the next meeting of the legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies.



III. No person shall be a senator, who shall not have attained to the age
of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States; and
who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state for which he
shall be chosen.



IV. The Vice-President of the United States shall be President of the
Senate; but shall have no vote unless they be equally divided.



V. The senate shall choose their other officers, and also a President pro
tempore, in the absence of the Vice-President, or when he shall exercise
the office of the President of the United States.



VI. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When
sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the
President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside:
and no person shall be convicted, without the concurrence of two-thirds of
the members present.



VII. Judgment in cases of impeachment, shall not extend further than to
removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of
honor, trust, or profit, under the United States. But the party convicted
shall, nevertheless, be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment,
and punishment according to law.



____


Section IV.


I. The times, places, and manner of holding elections for senators and
representatives, shall be prescribed in each state by the legislature
thereof: but the Congress may, at any time, by law, make or alter such
regulations, except as to the places of choosing senators.



II. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year; and such
meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by law
appoint a different day.



_____


Section V.


I. Each House shall be the judge of the elections, returns and
qualifications of its own members; and a majority of each shall constitute
a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day,
and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members, in such
manner, and under such penalties as each House may provide.



II. Each House may determine the rules of its proceedings; punish its
members for disorderly behaviour; and with the concurrence of two-thirds,
expel a member.



III. Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings: and, from time to
time, publish the same, excepting such parts as may in their judgment
require secrecy: and the yeas and nays, of the members of either House, on
any question, shall at the desire of one fifth of those present, be entered
on the journal.



IV. Neither House during the session of Congress, shall, without the
consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other
place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting.



____


Section VI.


I. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a compensation for their
services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the treasury of the
United States. They shall, in all cases, except treason, felony, and breach
of the peace, be privileged from arrest, during their attendance at the
session of their respective Houses and in going to, and returning from the
same; for any speech or debate in either House, they shall not be
questioned in any other place.



II. No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he was
elected, be appointed to any civil office, under the authority of the
United States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments of which
shall have been increased, during such time: and no person, holding any
office under the United States shall be a member of either House, during
his continuance in office.



____


Section VII.


I. All bills for raising revenue, shall originate in the House of
Representatives; but the Senate shall propose or concur with amendments as
on other bills.



II. Every bill, which shall have passed the House of Representatives and
the Senate, shall, before it become a law, be presented to the President of
the United States. If he approve, he shall sign it; but if not, he shall
return it, with his objections, to that House in which it shall have
originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and
proceed to re-consider it. If after such re-consideration, two-thirds of
that House shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with
the objections, to the other House, by which it shall likewise be
re-considered: and, if approved by two-thirds of that House, it shall
become a law. But, in all such cases, the votes of both Houses shall be
determined by yeas and nays: and the names of the persons voting for and
against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each House
respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the President, within
ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the
same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the
Congress, by their adjournment, prevents its return; in which case it shall
not be a law.



III. Every order, resolution, or vote, to which the concurrence of the
Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question
of adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the United States;
and before the same shall take effect, be approved by him; or , being
disapproved by him, shall be re-passed by two-thirds of both houses,
according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill.



____


Section VIII.


The Congress shall have power--



I. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises, to pay the debts
and provide for the common defence, and general welfare of the United
States: but all duties, imposts, and excises, shall be uniform throughout
the United States.



II. To borrow money on the credit of the United States.



III. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several
states, and within the Indian tribes.



IV. To establish an uniform rule of naturalization; and uniform laws on the
subject of bankruptcies, throughout the United States.



V. To coin money; to regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin; and
fix the standard of weights and measures.



VI. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and
current coin of the United States.



VII. To establish post offices and post roads.



VIII. To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for
limited times, to authors and inventors, the exclusive right to their
respective writings and discoveries.



IX. To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court.



X. To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas,
and offences against the law of nations.



XI. To declare war; grant letters of marque and reprisal; and make rules
concerning captures on land and water.



XII. To raise and support armies. But no appropriation of money for that
use, shall be for a longer term than two years.



XIII. To provide and maintain a navy.



XIV. To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval
forces.



XV. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the
union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions.



XVI. To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, and
for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the
United States; reserving to the states respectively the appointment of the
officers, and the authority of training the militia according to the
discipline prescribed by Congress.



XVII. To exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases whatsoever, over such
district (not exceeding then miles square) as may, by cession of particular
states, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the government
of the United States; and to exercise like authority over all places
purchased by the consent of the legislature of the state in which the same
shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock yards, and
other needful buildings; and,



XVIII. To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying
into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this
constitution in the government of the United States, or any department or
officer thereof.



____


Section IX.


I. The migration or importation of such persons, as any of the states now
existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the
Congress, prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight; but a tax
may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each
person.



II. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended,
unless when, in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may
require it.



III. No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed.



IV. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion
to the census or enumeration herein before directed to be taken.



V. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any state. No
preference shall be given, by any regulation of commerce or revenue, to the
ports of one state, over those of another: nor shall vessels, bound to or
from one state, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another.



VI. No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in consequence of
appropriations made by law; and a regular statement and account of the
receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from time
to time.



VII. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States: And no
person, holding any office of profit or trust under them, shall, without
the consent of Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or
title, of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state.



_____


Section X.


I. No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation; grant
letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; emit bills of credit; make any
thing but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts; pass any bill
of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of
contracts, or grant any title of nobility.



II. No state shall without the consent of Congress, lay any imposts or
duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for
executing its inspection laws; and the net produce of all duties, and
imposts laid by any state on imports or exports, shall be for the use of
the treasury of the United States; and all such laws shall be subject to
the revision and control of Congress. No state shall, without the consent
of Congress, lay any duty on tonnage, keep troops, or ships of war, in time
of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another state, or with a
foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such
imminent danger as will not admit of delay.



____


ARTICLE II.


Section I.


I. The executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States
of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four years, and,
together with the Vice-President, chosen for same term, be elected as
follows:



II. Each state shall appoint, in such manner as the legislature thereof may
direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole number of senators and
representatives, to which the state may be entitled in the Congress. But no
senator or representative, or person holding any office of trust, or
profit, under the United States, shall be appointed an elector.



III. The electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by ballot
for two persons, of whom one, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the
same state with themselves. And they shall make a list of all the persons
voted for, and of the number of votes for each; which list they shall sign
and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the
United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of
the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of
Representatives open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be
counted. The person having the greatest number of votes shall be the
President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors
appointed; and if there be more than one who have such majority, and have
an equal number of votes, then the House of Representatives shall
immediately choose by ballot one of them for President: and if no person
have a majority, then from the five highest on the list the said House
shall in like manner choose the President. But in choosing the President,
the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state
having one vote: a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or
members from two-thirds of the states: and a majority of all states shall
be necessary to a choice. In every case after the choice of the President,
the person having the greatest number of votes of the electors, shall be
the Vice-President. But if there should remain two or more, who have equal
votes, the Senate shall choose from them, by ballot the Vice-President.



IV. The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the
day on which they shall give their votes; which day shall be the same
throughout the United States.



V. No person, except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United
States, at the time of the adoption of this constitution, shall be eligible
to the office of President. Neither shall any person be eligible to that
office, who shall not have attained the age of thirty-five years, and been
fourteen years a resident within the United States.



VI. In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death,
resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said
office, the same shall devolve on the Vice-President; and the Congress may,
by law, provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or inability,
both of the President and Vice-President, declaring what officer shall then
act as President: and such officer shall act accordingly, until the
disability be removed, or a President shall be elected.



VII. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services, a
compensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished, during the
period for which he shall have been elected: and he shall not receive,
within that period, any other emolument from the United States, or any of
them.



VIII. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the
following oath or affirmation: "I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will
faithfully execute the office of President of the United States; and will,
to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the constitution
of the United States."



____


Section II.


I. The President shall be commander in chief of the army and navy of the
United States, and of the militia of the several states, when called into
the actual service of the United States. He may require the opinion, in
writing, of the principal officers in each of the executive departments,
upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective office: and he
shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons, for offences against the
United States, except in cases of impeachment.



II. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the senate,
to make treaties, provide two-thirds of the senators present concur: and he
shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the senate, shall
appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the
supreme court, and all other officers of the United States, whose
appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be
established by law. But the Congress may, by law, vest the appointment of
such inferior officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in
the courts of law, or in the heads of departments.



III. The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may
happen, during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions, which
shall expire at the end of their next session.



_____


Section III.


He shall, from time to time give to the Congress information of the state
of the union; and recommend to their consideration such measures as he
shall judge necessary and expedient. He may, on extraordinary occasions,
convene both Houses or either of them; and, in case of disagreement between
them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such
time as he shall think proper. He shall receive ambassadors and other
public ministers. He shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed;
and shall commission all the officers of the United States.



____


Section IV.


The President, Vice-President, and all civil officers of the United States,
shall be removed from office, on impeachment for, and conviction of,
treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors.



____


ARTICLE III.


Section I.


The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme
Court, and in such inferior courts, as the Congress may, from time to time,
ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the supreme and inferior courts,
shall hold their office during good behavior; and shall, at stated times,
receive for their services, a compensation, which shall not be diminished
during their continuance in office.



____


Section II.


I. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and equity, arising
under this constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made,
or which shall be made, under their authority; to all cases affecting
ambassadors, or other public ministers, and consuls, to all cases of
admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to controversies to which the United
States shall be a party, to controversies between two or more states,
between a state and citizens of another state, between citizens of
different states, between citizens of the same state claiming lands under
grants of different states, and between a state, or citizens thereof, and
foreign states, citizens or subjects.



II. In all cases, affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and
consuls, and those in which a state shall be a party, the Supreme Court
shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned,
the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and
fact, with such exceptions, and under such regulations, as the congress
shall make.



III. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by
jury and such trial shall be held in the state where the said crimes shall
have been committed; but when not committed within any state, the trial
shall be at such place or places, as the Congress may by law have directed.



____


Section II.


I. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levying war
against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort.
No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two
witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court.



II. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason; but
no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture,
except during the life of the person attained.



____


ARTICLE IV.


Section I.


Full faith and credit shall be given, in each state, to the public acts,
records, and judicial proceedings of every other state. And the congress
may, by penal laws, prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, and
proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof.



____


Section II.


I. The citizens of each state shall be entitled to all the privileges and
immunities of citizens in the several states.



II. A person charged in any state with treason; felony or other crime, who
shall flee from justice, and be found in another state, shall, on demand of
the executive authority of the state from which he fled, be delivered up,
to be removed to the state, having jurisdiction of the crime.



III. No person, held to service or labour in one state under the laws
thereof, escaping into another, shall in consequence of any law or
regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labour; but shall be
delivered up on claim of the party to who such service or labour may be
due.



____


Section III.


I. New states may be admitted by the Congress into this union; but no new
state shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other state
- nor any state be formed by the junction of two or more states - without
the consent of the Legislatures of the states concerned as well as the
Congress.



II. The Congress, shall have power to dispose of, and make all needful
rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging
to the United States: and nothing in this constitution shall be so
construed, as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any
particular state.



____


Section IV.


The United States shall guarantee to every state in this union, a
republican form of government; and shall protect each of them against
invasion, and on application of the Legislature, or of the executive (when
the Legislature cannot be convened) against domestic violence.



____


ARTICLE V.


The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary,
shall purpose amendments to this constitution, or on the application of the
legislatures of two-thirds of the several states, shall call a convention
for proposing amendments; which, in either case, shall be valid to all
intents and purposes, as part of this constitution, when ratified by the
legislatures of three-fourths of the several states, or by conventions in
three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be
proposed by the Congress; Provided, that no amendment, which may be made
prior to year one thousand eight hundred and eight, shall in any manner
affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first
article; and that no state, without its consent, shall be deprived of its
equal suffrage in the Senate.



____


ARTICLE VI.


I. All debts contracted, and engagements entered into before the adoption
of this constitution, shall be as valid against the United States, under
this constitution, as under the confederation.



II. This constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be
made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or which shall be made,
under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the
land, and the judges, in every state, shall be bound thereby, any thing in
the constitution or laws of any state to the contrary notwithstanding.



III. The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the members of
the several state legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers,
both of the United States and of the several states, shall be bound, by
oath or affirmation, to support this constitution; but no religious test
shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust
under the United States.



____


ARTICLE VII.


The ratification of the convention of nine states shall be sufficient for
the establishment of this constitution between the states so ratifying the
same.



Done in the convention by the unanimous consent of the states present, the
seventeenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven
hundred and eighty-seven, and of the Independence of the United States of
American the twelfth. In witness whereof we have subscribed our names.



AMENDMENTS.


The following ARTICLES in addition to, and amendment of, the Constitution
of the United States, having been ratified by the Legislatures of nine
States, are equally obligatory with the Constitution itself.



I. CONGRESS shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or
prohibiting the free exercise thereof, or abridging the freedom of speech,
or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to
petition the government for a redress of grievances.



II. A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free
state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be
infringed.



III. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house, without
the consent of the owner; nor in time of war, but in a manner to be
prescribed by law.



IV. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers,
and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be
violated; and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported
by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be
searched, and the persons or things to be seized.



V. No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise infamous
crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in
cases arising in the land or naval forces or in the militia, when in actual
service, in time of war, or public danger; nor shall any person be subject,
for the same offence, to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor
shall be compelled in any criminal case to be witness against himself; nor
be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor
shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.



VI. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a
speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury, of the state and district,
wherein the crime shall have been committed; which district shall have been
previously ascertained by law; and to be informed of the nature and cause
of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have
compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor; and to have the
assistance of counsel for his defence.



VII. In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed
twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved; and no fact
tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United
States, than according to the rules of the common law.



VIII. Excessive bail shall not be required; nor excessive fines imposed;
nor cruel and unusual punishment inflicted.



IX. The enumeration , in the constitution of certain rights, shall not be
construed to deny or disparage others, retained by the people.



X. The powers, not delegated to the United States, by the constitution, nor
prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or
to the people.



XI. The judicial powers of the United States shall not be construed to
extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of
the Untied States by citizens of another state, or by citizens or subjects
of any foreign state.



XII. The electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by ballot
for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least shall not be an
inhabitant of the same state with themselves; they shall name in their
ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the
person voted for as Vice-President; and they shall make distinct lists of
all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as
Vice-President, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall
sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of government of the
United States, directed to the President to the Senate; the President of
the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of
Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be
counted: the person having the greatest number of votes for President,
shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of
electors appointed; and if no person have such majority, then from the
persons having the highest numbers not exceeding three on the list of those
voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose
immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the
votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having
one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members
from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be
necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose
a President whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before
the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act
as President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional
disability of the President. The person having the greatest number of votes
as Vice-President, shall be Vice-President, if such number be a majority of
the whole number of electors appointed; and if no person have a majority,
then from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the
Vice-President: a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the
whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be
necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the
office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the
United States.



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This explains itself.

Study Offers New U.S. Constitution
By Fred P. Graham
New York Times - Sept. 8, 1970, front page


In Santa Barbara, California, the Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions has drafted a better U.S. Constitution.

Rex Tugwell, former member of Roosevelt's "brain trust."
Robert M. Hutchins, chairman.
Harry S. Ashmore, senior Fellow of the center.
Warren Berger (opposed to trial by jury).
This new version:

20 or less "republics" instead of 50 states.
a stronger Presidency and federal powers, instead of individual sovereign states.
6 branches instead of 3. - the regulatory branch would share its authority with private industry, could join multi-company groups to set standards.
No more Supreme Court, weaker judicial powers.
President serves 1 nine year term only.
Senators - not elected but chosen by other branches of government. They would consist of former Presidents and other former high officials.
2 Vice Presidents instead of 1. - 1 for general affairs. - 1 for internal affairs.
No more Bill of Rights, but many of the same fundamental safeguards. - no right to a trial by jury.
- no right to bear arms.
Instead of 2/3 vote of Congress to amend the Constitution, amendments would be proposed by a council of judges approved by the President and Senate, and ratified by a majority in a national election.
After 5 presidential terms the entire Constitution may be rewritten and submitted and ratified by a majority in a national election.